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Universal health care, sometimes referred to as universal health coverage, universal coverage, or universal care, usually refers to a health care system which provides health care and financial protection to all citizens of a particular country. It is organized around providing a specified package of benefits to all members of a society with the end goal of providing financial risk protection, improved access to health services, and improved health outcomes. Universal health care is not a one-size-fits-all concept and does not imply coverage for all people for everything. Universal health care can be determined by three critical dimensions: who is covered, what services are covered, and how much of the cost is covered.〔 The health policy framework is of central importance. Thus, in the development of universal health systems, it is appropriate to recognize "healthy public policy" (Health in All Policies) as the overarching policy framework, with public health, primary health care, and community services as the cross-cutting framework for all health and health-related services operating across the spectrum from primary prevention to long term care and end-stage conditions. Although this perspective is both logical and well grounded in the social ecological model, the reality is different in most settings, and there is room for improvement everywhere.〔White F. Primary health care and public health: foundations of universal health systems. Med Princ Pract 2015;24:103-116. 〕 ==History== The first move towards a national health insurance system was launched in Germany in 1883, with the Sickness Insurance Law. Industrial employers were mandated to provide injury and illness insurance for their low-wage workers, and the system was funded and administered by employees and employers through "sick funds", which were drawn from deductions in workers' wages and from employers' contributions. Other countries soon began to take examples – in the United Kingdom, the National Insurance Act 1911 provided coverage for primary care (though not specialist or hospital care) for wage earners, covering about one-third of the population. The Russian Empire established a similar system in 1912, and other European countries began following suit. By the 1930s, similar systems existed in virtually all of Western and Central Europe. Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Soviet Union came close to a universal health care system. It established a fully public and centralized health care system in 1920.〔http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/10/3/71.full.pdf〕〔''OECD Reviews of Health Systems OECD Reviews of Health Systems: Russian Federation 2012'', p. 38〕 However, it was not a truly universal system at that point, as all rural residents were not covered. In New Zealand, a universal health care system was created in a series of steps from 1939 to 1941.〔〔 〕 Following World War II, universal health care systems began to be set up around the world. On July 5, 1948, the United Kingdom launched its universal National Health Service. Universal health care was next introduced in the Nordic countries of Sweden (1955), Iceland (1956), Norway (1956), Denmark (1961), and Finland (1964). Universal health insurance was then introduced in Japan (1961), and in Canada through stages, starting with the province of Saskatchewan in 1962, followed by the rest of Canada from 1968 to 1972.〔〔 〕 The Soviet Union extended universal health care to its rural residents in 1969.〔 〕 Italy introduced its ''Servizio Sanitario Nazionale'' (National Health Service) in 1978. Universal health insurance was implemented in Australia beginning with the ''Medibank'' system in 1975, which led to universal coverage under the Medicare system, established in 1984. From the 1970s to the 2000s, Southern and Western European countries began introducing universal coverage, most of them building upon previous health insurance programs to cover the whole population. For example, France built upon its 1928 national health insurance system with subsequent legislation covering a larger and larger percentage of the population, until the remaining 1% of the population that was uninsured received coverage in 2000.〔http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/austerity-and-the-unraveling-of-european-universal-health-care〕〔 〕 In addition, universal health coverage was introduced in some Asian countries, including South Korea (1989), Taiwan (1995), Israel (1995), and Thailand (2001). Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia retained and reformed its universal health care system,〔http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/91/5/13-030513/en/〕 as did other former Soviet nations and Eastern bloc countries. Beyond the 1990s, many countries in Latin America, the Caribbean, Africa, and the Asia-Pacific region, including developing countries, took steps to bring their populations under universal health coverage. A 2012 study examined progress being made by these countries, focusing on nine in particular: Ghana, Rwanda, Nigeria, Mali, Kenya, India, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Vietnam.〔http://www.voanews.com/content/developing-countries-strive-to-provide-universal-health-care/1512058.html〕〔http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2013/02/14/universal-healthcare-latin-america〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Universal health care」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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